400个英语语法公式(4),从易到难让大家把语法补起来!记得收藏!
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400个英语语法公式(4),从易到难让大家把语法补起来!记得收藏!
  • 公式301

    先行词+介词+关系代词+定语从句

    ● The house in which I used to live has becomea garden.我过去住的房子已经变成了一个花园。

    公式302

    先行词,+which/who/whom/whose/when/where+定语从句非限制性

    定语从句用逗号与主句分开,that不能引导非限制性定语从句,who一般不能替代whom。

    ● Between the two parts of the concert is aninterval, when the audience can buy ice-cream.音乐会的两部分中间有间歇,这时候,观众可以去买冰激凌。

    公式303

    (先行词,+)as引导的定语从句

    ● He made a long speech, as we expected.正如我们所预料的一样,他的演讲很长。

    公式304

    时间状语从句: 主句+when/while/as引导的时间状语从句

    when/while/as意为“当……时候”。

    ● Mary made coffee while her guests werefinishing their meal.客人们快吃完饭的时候,玛丽煮了咖啡。

    公式305

    时间状语从句: 主句+as soonas/directly/immediately等引导的时间状语从句

    引导词意为“一……就……”。

    ● I recognized her immediately I saw her.我一见到她,就认出了她。

    公式306

    时间状语从句: 主句+before/after引导的时间状语从句

    ● I went to bed after I finished my homework.做完作业后,我就上床睡觉了。

    公式307

    时间状语从句: 主句+since引导的时间状语从句

    ● Mary has been in Shanghai since she left Beijing.玛丽自从离开北京后就一直在上海。

    公式308

    时间状语从句: 主句+till/until引导的时间状语从句

    ● I will stay here until you come back.我会一直待在这里直到你回来。

    公式309

    原因状语从句:主句+because/as/since引导的原因状语从句

    ● As all the seats were full, he had to standup.由于所有的位子都满了,他只好站着。

    because, since, as的区别

    公式310

    地点状语从句:主句+where/wherever引导的地点状语从句

    ● You cango wherever you like these days.这些天你可以去你想去的地方。

    公式311

    让步状语从句:疑问词-ever引导的让步状语从句

    ● To show our respect, we usually have to takeour gloves off whoever we are to shake hands with.为了表示我们的尊重,不论要跟谁握手,我们通常都要摘掉手套。

    公式312

    引导让步状语从句时,疑问词-ever可与“no matter+疑问词”互换。

    ● wherever/No matter where you go, I will bewith you.无论你去哪儿,我都和你一起。

    公式313

    让步状语从句:主句+(al)though/as/while/eventhough/even if引导的让步状语从句

    ● Tim is in good shape physically even thoughhe doesn’t get much exercise.即使不做太多锻炼,蒂姆还是保持了很好的体形。

    公式314

    条件状语从句:主句+if/unless/aslong as引导的条件状语从句

    ● Let’s go out for awalk unless you are too tired.如果你不是太累的话,我们出去散一会步吧。

    公式315

    条件状语从句:主句+so/such...+that+结果状语从句

    ● He worked so hard that he got ill.他工作那么努力,结果病倒了。

    公式316

    目的状语从句:主句+so that/inorder that/in case引导的目的状语从句

    ● I’ll run slowly so that you can catch up withme.为了能让你赶上我,我会慢慢跑。

    公式317

    比较状语从句:主句+than引导的比较状语从句

    ● The weather was worse than I had expected.天气比我预料的还要糟。

    公式318

    比较状语从句:主句+as引导的比较状语从句

    ● French is as familiar to him as English.他对法语就像对英语一样熟悉。

    公式319

    方式状语从句:主句+as引导的方式状语从句

    as if/as though引导的方式状语从句

    ● You ought to do as Paul tells you.你应该按照保罗吩咐你的去做。

    公式320

    当as if引导的方式状语从句表示与事实相反的情况时,从句常用虚拟语气。

    ● She closed her eyes as though she was verytired.她闭上了眼睛,好像是很累了。

    公式321

    虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法:

    If...did/were..., 主语+would/should/could/mightdo...表示与现在事实相反的假设。

    从句用一般过去时,主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。

    ● If you were the manager, we would not be sotired.如果你是经理,我们就不会这么累了。

    公式322

    If...had done...,主语+would/should/could/mighthave done...表示与过去事实相反的假设。

    从句用过去完成时,主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+have+过去分词”。

    ● If we had taken the other road, we might havearrived here in time for the meeting.如果我们走了另一条路的话,或许就能及时赶到这里开会了。(陕西)

    公式323

    If...did/were todo/should do...,主语+would/should/could/might do...表示与将来事实相反的假设。

    从句谓语动词用过去式、“should+动词原形”或“wereto+动词原形”,主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。

    ● If it were fine tomorrow, I would goshopping.如果明天天气好,我就去购物。

    公式324

    If...had done..., 主语+would do...

    ● If he had set out earlier, he would be homenow.如果他早点出发的话,他现在就已经到家了。

    公式325

    If...should do..., 主语+would have done...

    ● If she shouldleave, I would have heard about it.如果她要走,我早就应该听说了。

    公式326

    Should/Were/Had+(从句)主语+谓语

    主句if引导的虚拟条件句的谓语动词中含有should, were, had时,可将if省略,而将should, were, had提前,构成倒装。、

    ● Were I you(=If I were you), I would go.如果我是你,我就去。

    公式327

    With/Without/Butfor+名词,主语+虚拟语气形式的谓语...

    句子的虚拟条件是通过词或短语如with, without, otherwise, but for等来表示的。

    ● Without the greenhouse effect, the earthwould be about thirtythree degrees Celsius cooler than it is.如果没有温室效应,地球的温度将比现在的温度低大约33摄氏度。

    公式328

    主句+as if+(从句)主语+did/had done...as if引导的从句

    常用虚拟语气,用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反的情况;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的情况。

    ● She acted as if she had been the hostessyesterday.她昨天表现得就好像她是女主人似的。

    公式329

    主句+so that+(从句)主语+should/could/might do...

    so that意为“为了”,它引导的从句表示目的。

    ● He took a taxi to the station so that heshould not miss the train.为了不错过火车,他乘出租车去火车站。

    公式330

    主句+lest+从句(主语+(should) do...)

    lest意为“唯恐”,它引导的从句表示目的。

    ● They spoke in whispers lest they (should) be heard.他们低声说话,唯恐被别人听见。

    公式331

    ...wish (that)+主语+did/had done/would do...

    wish后的宾语从句用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反;用过去将来时表示与将来事实相反。

    ● I wish it were autumn in Beijing all the year around.我希望北京全年都是秋天。

    公式332

    ...suggest/recommend/insist等+(that)+主语+(should)do...

    ● I suggest that we (should) set off at once.我建议我们立刻出发。

    公式333

    ...would rather+主语+did/had done...

    would rather后的从句用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反,用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。

    ● I would rather you hadn’t told him.我宁愿你没有告诉他。

    公式334

    It is+形容词/名词/过去分词+that+主语+(should)do...

    ● It is strange that the girl (should) be sorude.那个女孩那么无礼,这真奇怪。

    公式335

    ...suggestion/advice/demand等+that+主语(+should)do...

    在表示“建议”、“命令”、“要求”等的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中用虚拟语气。

    ● My suggestion is that we (should) get startedsoon.我的建议是我们应该尽快出发。

    公式336

    It is (high/about)time that+主语+did/should do...

    ● It is high time that you went to school.早就到了你该去上学的时间了。

    公式337

    if only+主语+did/had done...

    用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反,用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。

    ● If only I had another chance.要是我再有一次机会就好了。

    公式338

    不可数名词/单数可数名词+单数谓语

    ● Still water runs deep.静水流深。

    公式339

    动名词/不定式/主语从句+单数谓语

    ● Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.做眼保健操对你的眼睛有好处。

    公式340

    时间/距离/价值/重量等+单数谓语

    表示时间、距离、重量等的复数名词常作为一个整体看待,作主语时谓语动词需用单数。

    ● A thousand miles is a very long distance.1,000英里是一段很长的距离。

    公式341

    more than one/many a(n)+单数名词+单数谓语

    a(n)+单数名词+and a half+单数谓语意为“不止一个……/许多……”;“一个半……”。

    ● More than one person here is going to find a new job.这里不止一个人准备找新工作。

    公式342

    the number of+复数名词+单数谓语

    ● As you can see, the number of cars on ourroads keeps rising these days.正如你看到的那样,如今公路上汽车的数量一直在增长。(全国Ⅱ)

    公式343

    a number of+复数名词+复数谓语

    ● A number of willbe graduatesare voluntarily going to work in the West of China.许多即将毕业的大学生打算自愿到中国西部工作。

    公式344

    each/every...(and each/every...)+单数谓语

    ● Every person in my family has been given agift.我们家每个人都得到了一份礼物。

    公式345

    some-, any-, every-,no-构成的复合不定代词+单数谓语

    ● If anyone knows the truth of the accident,please tell the police.如果有人知道事故的真相,请告诉警察。

    公式346

    冠词+名词+and+名词+单数谓语

    两个并列的名词 表示一个人或一种事物,此时第一个名词前用冠词,第二个名词前不用冠词。

    ● A knife and fork is on the table.餐桌上有一副刀叉。

    公式347

    news/physics/maths/politics/theUnited States/James等+单数谓语

    这些名词虽然以-s结尾,但属于专有名词或不可数名词。

    ● The news concerns your younger brother.这消息与你弟弟有关。

    公式348

    one of+复数名词+单数谓语

    ● One of my goodfriends has been abroad for eleven years.我的一个好朋友已经在国外待了11年了。

    公式349

    复数主语+复数谓语

    ● All the students in our class arehardworking.我们班所有的学生学习都很用功。

    公式350

    glasses/trousers/pants/shoes等+复数谓语

    主语是以成对形式出现的名词,谓语动词用复数。

    ● My blue trousers have worn out.我的蓝裤子已经穿破了。

    如果这类名词前用pair of等单位名词修饰,谓语动词的数要与单位名词的数保持一致。

    公式351

    people/police/cattle等+复数谓语

    people, police,cattle是只表示复数意义的集体名词,作主语时,谓语动词用复数。

    ● Many people were present at the meeting.许多人出席了会议。

    公式352

    ... and.../both...and...+复数谓语

    意为“……和……都”,表示复数意义,谓语动词用复数。

    ● New York and Boston are American cities.纽约和波士顿都是美国的城市。

    公式353

    主语+with/togetherwith/except/but/like/as well as...+谓语

    ● The mother along with her two children goes to the park everyweekend.那位母亲和她的两个孩子每个周末都要去公园。

    公式354

    class/family/group/team等+单数谓语/复数谓语

    ● The class is the best one in the grade.这个班是年级中最好的。

    ● The whole class are listening to the teachercarefully.全班同学都在认真地听老师讲课。

    该类集体名词作主语,侧重整体时,谓语动词用单数;

    当表示多个这样的整体时,也可以有自己的复数形式。侧重整体中的个体成员时,谓语动词用复数。

    公式355

    some/any/all/therest/分数/百分数等+of+单数名词/不可数名词+单数谓语

    ● Some of the money was spent on clothes.一些钱花在了衣服上。

    公式356

    some/any/all/therest/分数/百分数等+of+复数名词+复数谓语

    ● All of the people have gone.所有的人都走了。

    公式357

    one of+复数名词+关系代词+复数谓语

    ● Zhang Ning is one of the students who werepraised at the meeting.张宁是会议上受表扬的学生之一。

    公式358

    only one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数谓语

    ● He is the only one of players in our schoolwho has taken the first prize.他是我们学校唯一一位获得一等奖的选手。

    公式359

    ...or.../either...or.../neither...nor.../notonly...but (also)...+谓语动词

    谓语动词的单复数形式取决于与之最靠近的名词或代词。

    ● No food or water is allowed to be taken with.不准带食物和水。

    公式360

    There be...

    be动词的单复数形式取决于与之最靠近的名词或代词。

    ● There are four chairs and two tables in theroom.房间里有四把椅子和两张桌子。

    公式361

    There be肯定句式:There (+助动词/情态动词)+be+主语...

    be动词前可用情态动词,也可用助动词构成各种时态。

    ● There is a lot of meat on the plate.盘子里有很多肉。

    ● There will be more serious air pollution ifpeople use more and more cars.如果人们越来越多地使用汽车,那么空气污染将会更加严重。

    公式362

    There be否定句式:

    There+助动词/情态动词+not+be

    ● There isn’t a telephone in the room.房间里没有电话。

    公式363

    There be否定句式:

    There+be+not/no+主语...

    ● There will not be any football match thisweekend.这个周末没有任何足球比赛。

    公式364

    There be的一般疑问句式:Be动词+there

    ● —Are there anymagazines on the shelf?书架上有杂志吗?

    公式365

    There be的一般疑问句式:助动词/情态动词+there+be(+any)+主语...?

    ● Has there been an accident?出过事故吗?

    公式366

    There be的特殊疑问句式:特殊疑问词(+名词)+be动词+there...?

    ● How many people are there in your family?你家有几口人?

    公式367

    There be的特殊疑问句式:特殊疑问词(+名词)+助动词/情态动词+there+be...?

    ● What did there use to be?那里过去有什么?

    公式368

    There+stand/lie/live等+主语...

    There be句式中的be动词可用动词stand,lie, live等替换。

    ● There stands a temple on the top of themountain.山顶上有一座庙。

    公式369

    There seems(seemed)/appears(appeared)to be+主语...

    ● There seems to be a lack of communication.看起来是缺乏沟通。

    公式370

    强调句:Itis/was...that/who...

    被强调部分是指人的名词时,用who或that皆可,其他情况皆用that。

    ● It was Jack and Mary that/who met with afunnylooking man yesterday.昨天是杰克和玛丽遇见了一个样子滑稽可笑的男人。

    公式371

    强调句的一般疑问句式:Is/Was it...that/who...?

    ● Is it your brother who works in that company?是你哥哥在那家公司工作吗?

    公式372

    强调句的特殊疑问句式:特殊疑问词+is/wasit that...?

    ● Why was it that he cried yesterday?他昨天究竟为什么哭?

    公式373

    倒装: No/Never/Hardly/Seldom/Little等+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语...

    表示否定意义的词置于句首时,句子用部分倒装。

    ● We laugh at jokes, but seldom do we thinkabout how they work.我们听到笑话会笑,但是从来没想过笑话是怎样让我们发笑的。

    公式374

    倒装:So...+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语...+that...

    在so... that...句式中,so...部分置于句首时,主句用部分倒装。

    ● So fast does light travel that we can hardlyimagine its speed.光速很快,我们几乎没法想象它的速度。

    公式375

    倒装:Only+状语+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语...

    only强调状语置于句首时,句子/主句用部分倒装。

    ● Only if you eat the correct foods will you beable to keep fit and stay healthy.只有合理膳食才会保持身体健康。

    公式376

    倒装:Not until...+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语...

    时间状语not until...置于句首时,句子/主句用部分倒装。

    ● Not until he left his home did he begin to know how important the familywas for him.直到离开家他才开始明白家庭对于他是多么重要。

    公式377

    倒装:Not only...+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语...but also...

    not only...置于句首时,其所在的分句用部分倒装。

    ● Not only does he do well in his lessons, buthe often helps others with their lessons.他不但自己学习好,还经常帮助别人学习。

    公式378

    倒装:Hardly had+主语...+when...

    No sooner had+主语...+than....hardly,no sooner 置于句首时,hardly, no sooner所在的句子用部分倒装。

    ● Hardly had he uttered the words when shebegan laughing. 他刚一开口说话,她就笑了。

    公式379

    倒装:So/Neither/Nor+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语

    表示前面所说的情况也适合另外一者或一者也具备另外一种情况,意为“也(不)”。前面是否定句时用neither/nor,前面是肯定句时用so;动词的形式与前面的句子一致。

    ● Jane comes from Canada. So does Mary.简来自加拿大,玛丽也是。

    公式380

    倒装:up/down/away/infront of...+谓语动词+主语

    ● Up wentthe rocket.火箭升上了天。

    公式381

    倒装: 分词短语+be动词+主语

    ● Seated in the front were the guests.坐在前排的是客人。

    公式382

    倒装:Here/There/Now+谓语动词+主语

    ● Here comes the bus!公共汽车来了!

    公式383

    省略:I’dlike/love/be glad/be happy to

    ● —Would you like tojoin me for a quick lunch before class?你愿意课前与我一起吃顿简单的午饭吗?

    —I’d like to, but Ipromised Nancy to go out with her.我愿意,可是我已经答应跟南希一起出去了。

    公式384

    if/when/while/unless/as+分词

    ● The flowers his friend gave him will dieunless watered every day.除非天天浇水,否则朋友送他的花就会死掉。

    公式385

    as...aspossible/sb.can 表示“尽可能……”。

    ● Please come as soon as possible you can.请尽量早来。

    公式386

    if necessary/possible/any/ever表示“如果有必要/可能/有/曾……”。

    ● —Have you got anyparticular plans for the coming holiday?对即将来临的假期你有特别的计划了吗?

    —Yes, if possible, I’mgoing to visit some homes for the old in the city.是的,如果可能的话,我将去这个城市的几处老年之家看看。

    公式387

    Why (not) do...?why (not)后一般跟动词原形,很少出现主语或动作的执行者,含有较强的建议意味。

    ● Why not go and ask the teacher for help?为什么不去找老师帮忙?

    ● Why not relax and enjoy the fresh air?为什么不休息一下,呼吸点新鲜空气呢?

    公式388

    主语+do/does/did

    do替代谓语,有人称和时态的变化。

    ● John spoke German as fluently as Mary didwhen they studied in middle school.中学时,约翰的德语说得跟玛丽一样流利。

    公式389

    主语+do/does/did+so

    该结构表示同一人所做的、前面刚提到过的同一动作,so指代刚提到过的想法、行动、品质、情况等。

    ● The teacher asked him to hand in hiscomposition at once and he did so.老师让他立刻交上作文,他就这么做了。

    公式390

    主语+do/does/did+that/it 替代前面刚刚提到的动作,但动词do的主语与前面所提到的句子的主语不同。

    ● —Do you know whobroke the window?你知道是谁打破的窗户吗?

    —I heard John did that.我听说是约翰做的。

    公式391

    ...that+间接引语

    直接引语为陈述句时,间接引语应为that引导的宾语从句,引述动词主要有say,tell, repeat, explain, think等。

    ● He said to me, “I have left my bookin your room.”→He told me that he had left his book in my room.他告诉我他把书落在我的房间里了。

    公式392

    ...if/whether+间接引语

    直接引语为一般疑问句或反意疑问句时,间接引语应为if/whether引导的宾语从句,且倒装语序变为陈述语序。

    ● “Do you like Beckham?” she said tome.→She asked me if/whether I liked Beckham.她问我是否喜欢贝克汉姆。

    公式393

    ...whether...or+间接引语

    直接引语为选择疑问句时,间接引语应为whether... or...引导的宾语从句,倒装语序变为陈述语序。

    ● I asked him, “Will you stay athome or go to school?”→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to school.我问他是待在家里还是去上学。

    公式394

    ...特殊疑问词+间接引语

    直接引语为特殊疑问句时,间接引语应为由原疑问词引导的宾语从句,倒装语序变为陈述语序。

    ● He asked, “where do you live?”→He asked mewhere I lived.他问我住在哪里。

    公式395

    ...ask/tell/beg等+宾语+to do

    直接引语为祈使句时,间接引语应为不定式短语,如果祈使句为否定式,还要在不定式前加not。

    ● The teacher said to the students, “Be quiet,please.”→The teacher asked the students to be quiet.老师要求学生们保持安静。

    公式396

    ...what/how/that+间接引语

    直接引语为感叹句时,间接引语应为how, what, that等引导的宾语从句。

    ● She said, “What a lovely day itis!”→She said what a lovely day it was./She said that it was a lovelyday.她说天气很好。

    公式397

    “一随主”原则 该原则是指直接引语变间接引语时,直接引语中的第一人称代词要按引述动词的主语的人称变化。

    ● She said, “I saw him lastnight.”→She said she had seen him the night before.她说她前一天晚上看见过他。

    公式398

    “二随宾”原则 该原则是指直接引语变间接引语时,直接引语中的第二人称代词要按引述动词的宾语的人称变化。

    ● He said to Kate, “How is yoursister now?”→He asked Kate how her sister was then.他问凯特她妹妹那时怎么样了。

    公式399

    “第三人称不更新”原则 该原则是指直接引语变间接引语时,直接引语中的第三人称代词一般不需要变化。

    ● Mr Smith said, “Jack is a goodworkmate.”→Mr Smith said that Jack was a good workmate.史密斯先生说杰克是个不错的同事。

    公式400

    主语+did+that+主语+did/had done...

    引述动词用了过去时态,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态要相应地变为过去的某种时态。

    ● “I never get up before 8 a.m. on Sundays,” he said.→He said that he never got up before 8 a.m. onSundays.他说他星期天上午从未在8点之前起床。  
发布者:嗨皮老师
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